Explanation: 395. The original text of the Constitution contained 395 Articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules (came into effect on 26 January 1950). Now 448 Articles in 25 parts and 12 schedules.

Explanation: Article 137. Article 138 – Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. Article 135 – Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by the Supreme Court. Article 136 – Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court.

Explanation: Article 247. Article 246 – Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States. Article 248 – Residuary powers of legislation. Article 253 – Legislation for giving effect to international agreements. Article 98 – Secretariat of Parliament.

Explanation: Article 28. Other Articles-Article 27 – Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion. Article 29 – Protection of interests of minorities. Article 30 – Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions.

Explanation: Article 317. Removal of UPSC members by President on the ground of proven misbehaviour by the Supreme Court or if he is adjudged an insolvent. Part XIV (Articles 315 to 323) – Establishment of UPSC for Union and Public Service Commission for each state. Article 320 – Functions of Public Service Commission.

Explanation: Part VI Article (152 to 237). Article 168 Constitution of Legislatures in States. Article 169 deals with abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in states. Article 170 – Composition of the Legislative Assemblies. Article 171 – Composition of the legislative Councils. Article 172 – Duration of State Legislatures.

Explanation: Article 239AA. It empowers the Lieutenant Governor to refer a difference of opinion on ‘any matter’ with the Council of Ministers to the President. 69th Amendment Act (1991) – A special status to the Union Territory of Delhi by designing it as the National Capital Territory of Delhi. Brahm Prakash was the first chief minister of Delhi.

Explanation: Article 142(1). Article 142 provides a unique power to the Supreme Court, to do “complete justice” between the parties, where, at times, the law or statute may not provide a remedy. Article 132 – Appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases. Article 122 – Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament.

Explanation: Extradition. The 7th Schedule of the Indian Constitution consists of 3 lists: Union, Concurrent, and State. The Union List- 100 items The state list comprises 61 items. The concurrent list comprises 52 items. Examples – Concurrent list (education, forest, trade unions, marriage), Union list (Defence, Army, International Relations, Ports, Railways, Highways, Communication), State list (Local government, Public health and sanitation, Prisons).

Explanation: 22. Eighth Schedule (all languages) – Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Bodo, Santhali, Maithili and Dogri. Sindhi (21st Amendment Act of 1967). Manipuri, Nepali and Konkani (71st Amendment, 1992). Bodo, Santhali, Dogri, Maithili (92nd Amendment, 2003).

Explanation: Article 26 – Mentioned under Fundamental Rights (Part III of the Indian constitution). Right to Freedom of religion (Article 25 to 28). Article 30 – All minorities shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. Article 5 – Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution. Article 210 – Language to be used in the Legislature.

Explanation: Article 130. The Federal Court of India was established on 1 October 1937. After Independence, the Federal Court was replaced as the Supreme Court of India (28 January 1950). Other related Articles : Article 124: Establishment and Constitution of Supreme Court. Article 129: Supreme Court to be a Court of Record. Article 131: Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. Article 132: Appellate Jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Court in certain cases.

Explanation: Article 76. Attorney General of India – The highest law officer in the country. Appointment – By the President. Duty – As a chief legal advisor to the government of India, he advises the union government on all legal matters. Article 79 – Constitution of Parliament. Article 72 – Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases.

Explanation: Special provisions related to certain classes (Article 330 to 342A). Article 330 – Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People. Article 338 – National Commission for Scheduled Castes. Article 338A – National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (Inserted by the 89th Amendment Act 2003). Part XV (Article 324-329): Elections. Part XX (Article 368): Amendment of the Constitution. Part IXA (Article 243P-243ZG): The Municipalities.

Explanation: Article 338 – It is a constitutional body established with a view to provide safeguards against the exploitation of Scheduled Castes and to promote and protect their social, educational, economic and cultural interests. Other Commissions – National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (Article 338A) and National Commission for Backward Classes (Article 338B). Article 343 – Official language of the Union. Article 344 – Commission and Committee of Parliament on Official Language. Article 337 – Special provisions in terms of educational grants/subsidies provided to the Anglo-Indian population of India.

Explanation: The Appropriation Bill (Article 114) – The government can withdraw money from the Consolidated Fund only after receiving approval from Parliament. It is introduced in the Lok Sabha. Vote on Account (Article 116) is a grant in advance for the central government to meet short-term expenditure. Finance Bill – Give effect to the financial proposals of the Government of India for the following financial year.

Explanation: Part IXA. The Municipalities (Urban Local Governments) is a system of Democratic Decentralisation. It was added through the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992. Part VII – Repealed by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment Act, 1956). Part V – Provisions for the functioning of the Union Government. Part XII – Laws pertaining to Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits for Republic of India.

Explanation: Part VIII (Article 239 – 241). List of Union Territories: Andaman and Nicobar, Chandigarh, Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Lakshadweep and Puducherry. Other Parts: Part VI (The States), Part X (Scheduled and Tribal Areas), Part XI – Relations Between The Union And The States.

Explanation: Article 355. Other Articles – Article 353 – States about the Effect of the proclamation of emergency. Article 356 – States about the Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery in the state (president rule). Article 358 – It deals with the suspension of fundamental rights guaranteed under Article 19 of the constitution.

Explanation: 151. Part V: The Union, Chapter V : Comptroller and Auditor – General (CAG) of India (Article 148 – 151): Responsible for auditing the accounts of the Union and State governments and public sector organisations and for maintaining the accounts of State governments. The reports of the CAG are taken into consideration by the Public Accounts Committees. Article 150: Form of accounts of the Union and of the States. Article 149: Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General. Article 148: Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.

Explanation: Article 61. Other ArticlesArticle 60: Oath or affirmation by the President, Article 59: Conditions of the President’s office, Article 62: Time of holding the election to fill the vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of the person elected to fill the casual vacancy.

Explanation: Article 80. The maximum strength of Rajya Sabha is 250, out of which 12 members are nominated by the President. Rajya Sabha members are elected by the elected members of state legislative assemblies using a method of proportional representation. Every second year, one-third of Rajya Sabha members retire. Article 81: Composition of the House of the People or Lok Sabha (Lower House). The maximum strength of the Lok Sabha is 550 members.

Explanation: Union list (100) – Defence, Army, International Relations, Ports, Railways, Census, Communication, Central Bureau of Investigation etc. State list (61) – Public order, Police, Public health and sanitation, Hospitals and dispensaries, Agriculture, State Public Service Commission, etc. Concurrent list (52) – Education, Forest, Trade unions, population control and family planning, Marriage, Adoption, etc. Seventh schedule under Article 246 of the constitution deals with the division of powers between the union and the states.

Explanation: State list (61) .

Explanation: Article 244 (1) – Mentions scheduled areas. 5th schedule administration and control of Scheduled Areas as well as of Scheduled Tribes residing in any State other than the States mentioned in 6th schedule. 6th Schedule: administration of the tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. Article 244(2) – mentions tribal areas. 8th Schedule – Provisions related to Languages. 3rd Schedule Provisions related to Oaths or Affirmations.

Explanation: States in part B of the first schedule (Article 238). Provision relating to property – constitutional right under Part XII , Article 300A ( Added by 44th Amendment Act, 1978).

Explanation: Article 343. Language (8th Schedule, Part XVII and Articles 343 to 351). Initially, the constitution included 14 languages. Later 8 other languages were added in the 8th schedule.

Explanation: Article 302. Part XIII (Article 301-307) – Trade, Commerce and Intercourse within the Territory of India. Article 304: Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among States. Article 303: Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the States with regard to trade and commerce. Article 300A: Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law.

Explanation: Article 213. The governor can promulgate an ordinance when the state legislature is not in session. These ordinances should be approved by the state government within 6 weeks from its re-coordination. Article 210 – Language to be used in the Legislature. Article 212 – Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature. Article 214 – High Courts for States.

Explanation: Constitution of India, Chapter II, Parliament (Article 79 – 88) : Article 79 – Constitution of Parliament, Article 80 – Composition of the Council of States, Article 82 – Readjustment after each census, Article 83 – Duration of Houses of Parliament, Article 84 – Qualification for membership of Parliament, Article 86 – Right of President to address and send messages to Houses, Article 87 – Special address by the President, Article 88 – Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses.

Explanation: Election to the Panchayats. Panchayati Raj is a three-tiered administrative framework in India that focuses on rural development. The Panchayati Raj is a system of local self-government that is used to build districts, zones, and villages. Article – 243E: Duration of Panchayats. Article – 243D: Reservation of seats in Panchayat Article – 243F: Grounds of disqualification from membership of Panchayat.

Explanation: President. This pardoning power of the President is independent of the Judiciary. Article-52: There shall be a President of India. Article-60: Oath or affirmation by the President. Article 111 – Assent to bills. Article 123- Ordinance making power of the president. Emergency powers of the President: (three types) National Emergency (Article 352), President’s Rule (Article 356), Financial Emergency (Article 360).

Explanation: Article – 350 : Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances. Article – 350B: Special Officer for linguistic minorities. Article- 351: Directive for development of the Hindi language. Article 348 (1)(a): All proceedings in the Supreme Court and in every High Court, shall be in English language.

Explanation: Article 371.

Explanation: Directive Principles of State Policy is mentioned in Part IV, Article 36–51. Article 38 gives the idea of a Welfare State. The directive principles of state policy are borrowed from Ireland. Fundamental Duties (Part IV A, Article 51A). Fundamental Rights (Part III, Article 12-35). A preamble is an introductory statement in a document that explains the document’s philosophy and objectives.

Explanation: Comptroller and Auditor General of India (Article 148) : Head of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department and bulwarks of the democratic system of government in India. Attorney General of India (Article 76) : Highest law officer of India. Advocate General of State (Article 165) : Highest law officer of State.

Explanation: Five. Articles 32 (Heart and Soul of Indian Constitution) – Supreme Court has the authority to issue writs and Article 226 – High Court has the authority to issue a writ. Writs – Habeas corpus (to have the body of), Mandamus (We Command), Prohibition (to forbid), Certiorari (to be certified or to be informed) and Quo-warranto (By what authority or warrant).

Explanation: Article 120. Article 121 – Restriction on discussion in Parliament. Article 122 – Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament. Article 119 – Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business.

Explanation: 371 F – Sikkim (36th Amendment Act, 1975). Article 371 of the Constitution includes special provisions for 11 states (6 states of the Northeast). Article 371 – provisions for Maharashtra and Gujarat. Article 371 A – Nagaland (13th Amendment Act, 1962). 371 B – Assam (22nd Amendment Act, 1969). 371 C – Manipur (27th Amendment Act, 1971). 371 D – Andhra Pradesh and Telangana (32nd. Amendment Act, 1973). 371 E – To establish Central University in Andhra Pradesh. 371 G – Mizoram (53rd. Amendment Act, 1986). 371 H – Arunachal Pradesh (55th Amendment Act, 1986). 371 I – Goa.

Explanation: Article 338. By 89th Amendment, 2003 the erstwhile National Commission for SC and ST was replaced by two separate Commissions from the year 2004 : National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) (Article – 338) and National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) (Article 338-A).

Explanation: Part III (The Fundamental Rights, Articles 12-35). ‘Magna Carta’, the Charter of Rights issued by King John of England in 1215 was the first written document relating to the Fundamental Rights of citizens.

Explanation: Article 108. Article 105 – Powers, privileges, etc. of Parliament and its members.

Explanation: Article-166. Article-163 (Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor), Article-164 (Other provisions as to Ministers), Article-165 (Advocate – General for the State).

Explanation: Article 127. Article 125: talks about the financial privileges and allowances that are defined for the judges of the Supreme Court. Article 126: Appointment of acting Chief Justice of India. Article 128: Attendance of retired judges at sitting of the Supreme Court.

Explanation: Article 85 – Sessions of Parliament, prorogation, and dissolution. A session is a period during which a House meets almost every day uninterruptedly to manage the business. Article 90 – Vacation and resignation of (and removal from) the office of Deputy Chairman. Article 101- Vacation of seats in Parliament.

Explanation: Chapter II (79-122). Part V – The Union of Indian Constitution Chapter II deals with the Articles of Parliament . Chapter I (The Executive; Articles 52 to 78); Chapter III: Legislative powers of the President; Article 123); Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary; Articles 124 – 147). Chapter V (Comptroller and Auditor – General of India (CAG); Articles 148 to 151).

Explanation: Article 154- Executive power of Governor. Article 150 – Form of accounts of the Union and of the States. Article 157 – Qualifications for appointment as Governor. Article 156 – Term of office of Governor.

Explanation: Part XIV. Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) is an independent constitutional body. The provisions regarding the composition of UPSC, the appointment, and removal of its members, and the powers and functions of UPSC are provided in Part XIV of the Indian Constitution under Article 315 to Article 323. PART X: The Scheduled and Tribal areas. PART XVI: Special Provisions relating to certain classes. PART VIII: The Union Territories.

Explanation: Article 52 to 78 (Part V). Articles 80 to 86 (Part V) deals with the general provisions of the Union Parliament. Articles 112 to 118 (Part V) deal with the legislative procedures of the Union Parliament.

Explanation: B.R. Ambedkar. Article 32 empowers Parliament to authorise any other court to issue these writs.