Explanation: Rice – A source of protein and contains various vitamins, such as thiamin and niacin, and minerals, such as zinc and phosphorus. Oryzenin – A rice glutelin, is an important constituent of rice protein. Glutelin comprises the major protein fraction of the rice grain and constitutes up to 80% of the total protein. Wheat contains protein, B vitamins, dietary fiber, and phytochemicals. Soyabean is high in protein and contains vitamin K1, folate, copper, manganese, phosphorus, and thiamine.

Explanation: Guard cells – They are specialized plant cells in the epidermis of leaves, stems and other organs that are used to control gas exchange. It is a kidney shaped cell that surrounds the stomata. It contains chloroplasts, which are not present in other epidermal cells. Function – To open and close the stomata, help regulate transpiration, and protect the stomatal pore.

Explanation: Examples – Sunflowers, thyme, white clover, soft velcro, mullein. Xerophytes – A group of plants that are adapted to survive in arid regions like desert and snow – covered areas. Example – Cacti, pineapple. Pteridophytes – That plants have a vascular system and reproduce through spores. Example – Whisk Fern, Dicksonia, Selaginella. Neophytes – Plant which is not native to a geographical region and was introduced in recent history. Example – Sweet flag, small balsam, cranberries.

Explanation: Chlorophyll – Element present in chlorophyll is magnesium. Cytoplasm – The fluid inside the cell. It functions as a cellular metabolism, transport, and storage medium while providing structural support and facilitating signal transduction within the cell. Cladophyll – Shoot system in which leaves do not develop. Xanthophylls are yellow pigments that are one of the important divisions of the carotenoid group.

Explanation: Xylem and phloem are the two vascular tissues that are responsible for the transport of substances in plants. Phloem helps in the bidirectional transport of food.

Explanation: The Sun is the primary source of energy for all ecosystems. In the terrestrial ecosystem Autotrophs (plants) get energy from sunlight and provide food → Herbivores (goat) → Carnivores (tiger). In aquatic ecosystems Phytoplankton get energy from sunlight and provide food → zooplankton → fishes.

Explanation: Autotrophic nutrition. Examples – Plants, algae and some bacterias. Heterotrophic nutrition – Depends upon plants or other organisms for nutrition. Examples – Humans, animals, Cuscuta (Amarbel). Saprotrophic nutrition – This mode of nutrition in which organisms take in nutrients from dead and decaying matter. Examples – Fungi, yeast, and several bacteria. Phototrophic nutrition – Organisms that can obtain nutrition using light. Examples – Green plants, blue-green algae.

Explanation: Three elements (carbon, oxygen and hydrogen) are essential to plant growth. Soil – Supplies not only minerals but also harbours nitrogen – fixing bacteria, and other microbes, holds water, supplies air to the roots and acts as a matrix that stabilises the plant.

Explanation: Three types of Transpiration : Stomatal transpiration – Evaporation of water through stomata. Lenticular Transpiration – Evaporation of water through lenticels (small minute openings present on the stem), Cuticular Transpiration – Loss of water from the cuticle (waxy layer on the surface of leaves).

Explanation: The venation of leaves is the process of arrangement of veins and veinlets. Veins carry deoxygenated blood from the body’s tissues back to the heart for reoxygenation. They are crucial for both systemic and pulmonary circulation. The middle part of the vein of lamina is called the midrib. Petiole (mesopodium) – Lifts the lamina above the level of the stem.

Explanation: Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants produce carbohydrates by absorbing carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight in the presence of chlorophyll and liberating chemical energy. This energy is converted into chemical energy as food.

Explanation: Monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats are known as the “good fats” because they are good for heart, cholesterol, and overall health.

Explanation: Chlorella is known as space alga. It is used for the consumption of carbon dioxide provided by the astronauts and the production of oxygen in the spacecraft.

Explanation: Micronutrients are nutrients that are required by the body in lesser amounts for its growth and development. Examples – Magnesium, vitamin B6, vitamin C, vitamin E, etc. Non-essential nutrients can be synthesized in the body in sufficient quantities for normal functioning. They can be obtained from food as well. Examples : Alanine, Arginine, Asparagine, Aspartic acid, etc.

Explanation: Carbohydrates are essential macronutrients which include sugars, fibers and starches. There are six types of sugar (C6H12O6) : Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Lactose, Maltose, Sucrose. Starch is a polymeric carbohydrate that is composed of numerous glucose monomers.

Explanation: Plastids are found in plants and algae. Functions : perform photosynthesis, attract pollinators, restore total leaf protein and synthesize starch along with the storage of proteins, fats, and oils. Types of Plastids – Chloroplasts (used for photosynthesis), Chromoplasts (used for pigment synthesis and storage), and Leucoplasts (non-pigmented plastids that can sometimes differentiate).

Explanation: In the form of complex carbohydrates that may be in the form of laminarin or mannitol.

Explanation: Hydrophytes are aquatic plants that are especially suited for living in aquatic environments. Examples – Lotus (Nelumbo), Vallisneria, Potamogeton, Salvinia, hydrilla, water hyacinths etc.

Explanation: Jan Ingenhousz is known for his discovery of photosynthesis and as the ‘father of photosynthesis’.

Explanation: Caffeic acid is the predominant phenolic acid in carrots. Allicin chemical gives flavour to garlic. Four major organic acids are present in the roots of the radish : oxalic, malic, malonic, and erythorbic acid.

Explanation: Plants are not capable of producing nitrogen, therefore, plants obtain nitrogen with the help of nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Rhizobium.

Explanation: Calvin cycle.

Explanation: Lysis refers to the breakdown of a cell caused by damage to its plasma (outer) membrane. Prognosis is the likely outcome or course of a disease; the chance of recovery or recurrence. Glycolysis is the process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy.

Explanation: EXPLAINED The main function of the root system is to transport water and minerals to the plant. Food is transported by phloem tissue in the vascular system of plants.

Explanation: Ethylene is the only plant hormone in gaseous form that regulates fruit ripening in plants. Cytokinin promotes cell division in plant roots and shoots. Gibberellin regulates various developmental processes, including germination, dormancy, flowering, flower development, and leaf and fruit senescence.

Explanation: Agrostology – It is the branch of botany concerned with grasses. Bryology – It is the branch of botany concerned with the scientific study of bryophytes. Anatomy – It is the science that studies the structure of the body and body parts.

Explanation: In the presence of sunlight, Carbon dioxide + water → Carbohydrate + oxygen. Plants, green algae, and cyanobacteria can perform photosynthesis.

Explanation: Marasmus – It occurs both in children and adults. Wasting – It is a type of undernutrition that causes low weight for height. Dementia – It is the group of symptoms used to describe impaired ability to remember, think, or make decisions. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia.

Explanation: odine deficiency is the most common cause of thyroid disease. Some diseases/ disorders caused by Deficiency of vitamins and minerals: Loss of vision – Vitamin A, Beriberi – Vitamin B1, Scurvy – vitaminC, Rickets – Vitamin D, Bone and tooth decay – calcium, Anaemia – Iron.

Explanation: Glaucoma – A group of eye diseases that can cause vision loss and blindness by damaging a nerve in the back of your eye called the optic nerve. Carcinoma – Cancer that starts in tissue lining your skin, organs and internal passageways in your body. Lymphoma – Cancer that begins in cells of the lymph system. Sarcoma – Cancers that begin in the bones and in the soft (also called connective) tissues (soft tissue sarcoma).

Explanation: Malaria – Caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Down syndrome – A condition in which a person has an extra chromosome or an extra piece of a chromosome. Cystic fibrosis – Genetic condition that affects the body’s cells, tissues, and the glands that make mucus and sweat. Muscular dystrophy – A group of genetic diseases that cause progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles.

Explanation: Pernicious anemia is a relatively rare autoimmune disorder that causes diminishment in dietary vitamin B12 (cobalamin) absorption, resulting in B12 deficiency and subsequent megaloblastic anemia. Hartnup disease is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting in impaired functioning of transport protein in intestines and kidneys. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a neurological disorder caused by the lack of thiamine (vitamin B1). Hepatic cirrhosis is characterized by fibrosis and nodule formation of the liver secondary to chronic injury, leading to alteration of the normal lobular organization of the liver.

Explanation: Eye defects and Corrections : Cataracts – Treated with surgery. Myopia (near-sightedness) – Can see nearby objects clearly but have difficulty seeing distant objects. Corrected with concave lenses. Hyperopia (far-sightedness) – Can see distant objects clearly but have difficulty seeing nearby objects. Corrected with convex lenses. Presbyopia (age-related far-sightedness) – Lens of the eye becomes less flexible as people age, making it difficult to focus on near objects. Corrected with bifocals, progressive lenses, or surgery.

Explanation: Toxoplasmosis – It is caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma Gondii. Syphilis – It is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that can be caused by Treponema pallidum bacteria. Preeclampsia – It is caused by the placenta not developing properly due to a problem with the blood vessels supplying it.

Explanation: Widal Test : This test was first conducted in 1896 by Georges Ferdinand Widal and was named after him. It looks for O and H antibodies in a patient’s sample blood (serum). Pap smear – Used to screen for cervical cancer. C Reactive Protein (CRP) Test – A c-reactive protein test measures the level of c-reactive protein (CRP) in a sample of blood.

Explanation: Vitamins and Deficiency disease : B1 – Beriberi, B2 – Hair loss, anaemia, sore throat. B3 – Pellagra, B6 – Certain types of Eczema, B7 – Thinning hair and Scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose, mouth, B9 – Weakness, Fatigue, Neurological Issues, B12 – macrocytic anaemia.

Explanation: Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA): It is the most common nutritional disorder. Vulnerable groups : Women in child–bearing age, adolescent girls, pregnant women and school age children. IDA occurs when hemoglobin production is considerably reduced and it results in low levels of hemoglobin in blood.

Explanation: Jaundice (Hyperbilirubinemia) is a non-infectious disease wherein the liver is affected resulting in a yellowish discolouration of the skin and the white space of the eye. It is caused due to the accumulation of bilirubin in the blood and blood tissues. It is classified into three categories : Hepatocellular, Hemolytic and Obstructive jaundice. Symptoms – Fever, Abdominal pain, Weight loss, Drowsiness and Vomiting.

Explanation: Rickets – Caused due to deficiency of Vitamin D (Calciferol). Other diseases and effects : Cerebral Palsy – Abnormal brain development. Pertussis (whooping cough) – respiratory illness, bacteria (bordetella pertussis). Asplenia – Absence of spleen.

Explanation: Hypoglycaemia, or a “hypo”, is an abnormally low level of glucose in blood. Hyperglycaemia, or a hyper, can happen when blood glucose (sugar) levels are too high.

Explanation: Beriberi – A deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1).

Explanation: Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar). It is caused by protozoan parasites which are transmitted by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies. Japanese encephalitis virus is spread to people through the bite of an infected mosquito. Anaplasmosis is a disease caused by the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Other protozoan Diseases : Amoebiasis (Entamoeba Histolytica Protozoa); Malaria (Plasmodium). Other bacteria diseases : Salmonella Tuberculosis, Whooping cough (pertussis), Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, Cholera, etc.

Explanation: Polio (poliomyelitis) {caused by a virus (poliovirus)} – This virus infects your throat and intestines, causing flu-like symptoms. It can then spread to your brain and spine, causing paralysis. It mainly affects children under 5 years of age.

Explanation: It is the severe form of chronic cadmium intoxication, which is characterized by osteomalacia with severe bone pain and is associated with renal tubular dysfunction. Minamata – A neurological disease caused by severe mercury poisoning.

Explanation: Sentinel surveillance – Conducted at specific sites or in specific populations and may be passive or active.

Explanation: Trypanosoma brucei : A protozoan parasite that causes African trypanosomiasis, commonly known as sleeping sickness. This disease affects humans and animals, primarily in sub-Saharan Africa. Balantioides coli : A ciliated protozoan that inhabits the intestine of pigs, non-human primates and humans. Giardia : A single-celled parasite that causes diarrheal disease known as Giardiasis. Cyclospora cayetanensis : A parasite that causes gastroenteritis.

Explanation: Thalassemia – It is a hereditary blood disorder in which the amount of hemoglobin in the body decreases. Somatostatinoma – A type of neuroendocrine tumor (NET). Venous Thromboembolism – A condition when a blood clot forms in a vein in the body. Polycythemia vera – A type of blood cancer.

Explanation: Ergocalciferol (D2). Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol – D3) – It is a fat-soluble vitamin (A, D, E, K) that helps our body to absorb calcium and phosphorus. Tacalcitol – It is a derivative of vitamin D3 belongs to a class of drugs called antipsoriatics.

Explanation: Diphtheria is an infectious bacterial disease caused by a bacterium called Corynebacterium diphtheriae that produces toxins that can cause breathing difficulties, heart rhythm problems, and even death. Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection disease. It most commonly affects the urethra, rectum or throat. Mumps is an infectious disease caused by a virus. This can cause painful inflammation of our parotid salivary glands (parotitis).

Explanation: Kwashiorkor is caused by deficiency of protein in the diet which causes fluid retention and a swollen, distended abdomen, and most commonly affected babies between 1-3 years of age, particularly in developing countries with high levels of poverty and food insecurity. In 1933, Cicely Williams was the first in Africa who described Kwashiorkor.