Explanation: Acromegaly is a disorder that occurs when the body makes too much growth hormone (GH); Produced mainly in the pituitary gland (a pea-sized gland just below the brain). In adults, too much of this hormone causes bones, cartilage, body organs, and other tissues to increase in size.

Explanation: Glands and their secreted hormones : Hypothalamus gland – Gonadotropin hormone Pineal Gland – Melatonin hormone. Thyroid gland – Triiodothyronine hormone. Pancreas – Somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide hormone. Adrenal Glands – Adrenaline hormone. Pituitary Gland – thyroid (stimulating hormone), LH (Luteinizing Hormone), FSH (follicle stimulating hormone).

Explanation: Gaucher disease – It is the result of a buildup of certain fatty substances in certain organs, particularly spleen and liver. Hunter syndrome – It occurs in children assigned male at birth (AMAB). Child’s body doesn’t properly break down (digest) certain sugar molecules. Tay – Sachs disease – A rare genetic disorder passed from parents to child, caused by the absence of an enzyme that helps break down fatty substances (Gangliosides). Phenylketonuria (PKU) – An inherited disorder that causes an amino acid called phenylalanine to build up in the body.

Explanation: Ariboflavinosis is caused by deficiency of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) include skin disorders, hyperemia (excess blood) and edema of the mouth and throat, angular stomatitis, cheilosis (swollen, cracked lips), hair loss, reproductive problems, sore throat, itchy and red eyes. Paraesthesia – An abnormal touch sensation, such as burning or prickling that is caused by underlying neurological disease or traumatic nerve damage. Dermatitis (eczema) – Redness, and irritation of the skin caused by air pollution.

Explanation: Vitamin A (Retinol). Vitamin was discovered by Casimir Funk (1912).

Explanation: Pneumonia is an inflammation of lungs caused by a bacterial, viral or fungal infection. The Most common cause is Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus bacteria). Cough, Fever, sweating, chest pain and Loss of appetite are the most common symptoms.

Explanation: Fluoride – It is a mineral that strengthens tooth enamel and makes it more resistant to acid attacks from bacteria in the mouth.

Explanation: It is a Zoonotic and viral disease. It is caused by Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) virus that is present in the saliva of rabid animals (dog, monkey, etc.). Rabies Vaccine was discovered by Louis Pasteur in 1885.

Explanation: Communicable diseases – Caused by viruses or bacteria, that spread to one another through contact with contaminated surfaces, bodily fluids, blood products, insect bites, or through the air. Examples – HIV, hepatitis A, B, and C, measles, influenza, coronaviruses, and blood-borne illnesses.

Explanation: Examples of Pathogens – Bacteria (Tuberculosis), Viruses (Covid – 19), Fungi (Candidiasis), Protists (Malaria), Parasitic worms (Taeniasis). Toxins – Substances created by plants and animals that are poisonous to humans. Example – Anthrax lethal toxin (Produced by Bacillus anthracis).

Explanation: Thyroid gland – It is a ductless endocrine gland situated in the anterior/front portion of the neck. Pituitary gland – It is a small, pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain. It plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions by producing and releasing hormones that control the activities of other endocrine glands in the body.

Explanation: Hepatitis : Caused by Virus, Effects Liver, World Hepatitis Day – 28 July. Elephantiasis – Also called Lymphatic Filariasis, it Impairs the lymphatic system. Dengue – Caused by Dengue Virus, Carrier – Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Malaria : Caused by Plasmodium parasite. Spread by female Anopheles mosquitoes, World Malaria Day – 25 April.

Explanation: Aedes : It is a species of mosquito that causes dengue, yellow fever and zika virus. Anopheles Mosquito is a species of mosquito that causes malaria. Culex Mosquito is a species of mosquito that spreads viruses that cause Japanese encephalitis, West Nile virus.

Explanation: Hansen’s disease (leprosy) is an infection caused by slow – growing bacteria called Mycobacterium leprae. It can affect the nerves, skin, eyes, and lining of the nose (nasal mucosa). Bacterial disease – Typhoid, Cholera, Tuberculosis. Viral disease – Common cold, Influenza, HIV infection, Dengue Covid-19, Ebola. Protozoal disease – Malaria, Kala azar.

Explanation: Diseases are mainly classified into two categories – Acute and Chronic. Acute diseases : Last for a short duration of time, affect the body suddenly and progress quickly e.g., common cold, flu. Chronic diseases : Last for a longer duration of time varying from months or years to as much as life time, affect the health and organs of the body. e.g. tuberculosis, elephantiasis, hepatitis A.

Explanation: Acute conditions are often caused by a virus or an infection. Example – Common cold, typhoid, jaundice, cholera etc. Genetic disorder : An inherited medical condition caused by a DNA abnormality. Eg; Congenital deafness, Cystic fibrosis, Beta thalassemia and Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). A chronic condition is a health condition or disease that is persistent or otherwise long-lasting in its effects or a disease that comes with time. Eg; Arthritis, Asthma, Cancer etc.

Explanation: Fungi are responsible for various diseases in human beings. Aspergillus infection, Athlete’s foot, Jock itch, Ringworm, Coccidioidomycosis, Sporotrichosis, valley fever, histoplasmosis are a few of the many deadly diseases caused by fungi. Tuberculosis, Anthrax, Tetanus, Leptospirosis, Pneumonia, Cholera, Botulism are the diseases caused by bacteria.

Explanation: Chickenpox is a highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Varicella vaccine (developed by Michiaki Takahashi in 1974) is a vaccine that protects against chickenpox. Whooping Cough is caused by Bacteria (Bordetella pertussis).

Explanation: STDs can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Examples – gonorrhea, genital herpes, human papillomavirus infection, HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus)/AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), chlamydia, and syphilis.

Explanation: Vitamin K benefits include supporting bone, and heart health. Prothrombin is a vitamin K-dependent protein directly involved with blood clotting. Osteocalcin is another protein that requires vitamin K to produce healthy bone tissue.

Explanation: i-d, ii- c, iii-b, iv-a.

Explanation: Rust of wheat – Fungi . (Plant disease, Microorganisms) – (Yellow vein mosaic, Virus), (Aster yellows, Bacteria), (Crown gall, Bacteria), (Ergot, Fungi), (Anthracnose, Fungi), (Black knot, Fungi), (Snow mold, Fungi).

Explanation: Radiotherapy (Radiation therapy) . Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals to kill fast – growing cells in your body. Physiotherapy is a treatment to restore, maintain, and make the most of a patient’s mobility, function, and well – being. Surgery is a branch of medicine that is concerned with the treatment of injuries, diseases, and other disorders by manual and instrumental means.

Explanation: Its diseases and their causative agents – Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae), Cholera (Vibrio cholerae), Leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae), Pertussis (Bordetella pertussis), Tetanus (Clostridium tetani), Plague (Yersinia pestis), etc.

Explanation: Other diseases caused by fungi are ringworm, Yeast Infection, Onychomycosis and jock itch , Aspergillus infection , Coccidioidomycosis , Sporotrichosis, valley fever , histoplasmosis, etc.

Explanation: Tuberculosis (TB) – It is usually caused by the Bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared TB a “Global Health Emergency” in 1993.

Explanation: Symptoms of Beri Beri – Difficulty walking, Loss of muscle function or paralysis of the lower legs, Mental confusion/speech difficulties, Loss of feeling (sensation) in hands and feet, Strange eye movements (nystagmus), Tingling, Vomiting.

Explanation: Hepatotropic viruses include A, B, C, D, and E. World Hepatitis Day – 28th July. Pneumonia can be caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Diabetes is a disease that occurs when blood sugar becomes too high.

Explanation: Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affects the use of blood sugar (glucose) by the body. There are three main types of diabetes : type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes (diabetes while pregnant). Diabetes damages the nerves and causes problems with sensation.

Explanation: It is a fatal but preventable viral disease. It can spread to people and pets if they are bitten or scratched by rabid animals like dogs, bats, monkeys, raccoons, skunks, and foxes. Risks from monkey bites include serious wound infections, herpes B virus, and rabies.

Explanation: Osteomalacia – a disorder of “bone softening” (common in women during pregnancy). Osteomyelitis is inflammation of the bone caused by infection, generally in the legs, arm, or spine. Osteopenia is a condition that occurs when the body doesn’t make new bone as quickly as it reabsorbs old bone.

Explanation: The main types of Non Communicable Disease are cardiovascular diseases (such as heart attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and diabetes.

Explanation: Arthritis is caused by inflammation of the joints. Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with Vibrio cholerae bacteria.

Explanation: It is caused by the lack of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine). Imovax is a vaccine used as a rabies pre exposure immunisation. Parenteral Vi polysaccharide and oral Ty21a are both acceptable forms of typhoid vaccine. Measles can be prevented with the MMR vaccine.

Explanation: Conditions, health, prevent. World Health Organization – Headquarters is in Geneva, Switzerland, Founded on 7th April 1948.

Explanation: It is caused by fungal or bacterial pathogens. Common Plant Disease are Black Spot, Other Leaf Spots, Powdery Mildew, Downy Mildew, Canker.

Explanation: Prostatitis is a disorder of the prostate gland usually associated with inflammation. A low blood sugar level, also called hypoglycaemia is where the level of sugar (glucose) in your blood drops too low. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting many joints, including those in the hands and feet.

Explanation: Limulus is a genus of horseshoe crab. Culex, a large group of mosquitoes also known as common house mosquitoes, are the principal vectors that spread the viruses that cause West Nile fever, St. Louis encephalitis, and Japanese encephalitis. Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito, is a mosquito that can spread dengue fever, chikungunya, Zika fever, Mayaro and yellow fever viruses.

Explanation: The inhalation of mercury vapour can produce harmful effects on the nervous, digestive and immune systems, lungs and kidneys, and may be fatal.

Explanation: Polio (Poliomyelitis). It is a disease caused by the poliovirus. It invades the nervous system and can cause total paralysis in a matter of hours.

Explanation: Pellagra is a disease that results due to severe Vitamin B3 (Niacin) deficiency. The disease can also develop due to : Gastrointestinal diseases, Weight loss (bariatric) surgery, Anorexia Excessive alcohol use, Carcinoid syndrome (group of symptoms associated with tumours of the small intestine, colon, appendix, and bronchial tubes in the lungs).

Explanation: Ebola – It is a group of deadly diseases in people caused by four ebola viruses within the genus Ebolavirus. Within the genus Ebolavirus, 6 species have been identified: Zaire, Bundibugyo, Sudan, Taï Forest, Reston and Bombali.

Explanation: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR).

Explanation: A parasomnia involves unusual and undesirable physical events or experiences that disrupt your sleep. Sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis) is a disease caused by infection with the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense.

Explanation: Trachoma – It is a disease of the eye caused by infection with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. Blindness from trachoma is irreversible.

Explanation: Helicobacter pylori is a type of bacteria that causes infection in the stomach. It is the main cause of peptic ulcers, and it can also cause gastritis and stomach cancer.

Explanation: Siderosis is a type of occupational lung disease caused by inhaling iron particles through dust or fumes. This can happen during welding, grinding, foundry work, paint manufacture, or iron ore mining among other similar occupations where a person is exposed to fine iron dust or fumes.

Explanation: Vitiligo is a disease that causes loss of skin color in patches. Gonorrhea is an infection caused by a sexually transmitted bacterium that infects both males and females. Psoriasis is a skin disease that causes a rash with itchy, scaly patches, most commonly on the knees, elbows, trunk and scalp.

Explanation: Leukaemia affects White Blood Cells and can be classified by the type of white cell affected (myeloid or lymphatic) and by the way the disease progresses (acute or chronic).

Explanation: Fear of birds (Ornithophobia), fear of animals (Zoophobia), fear of light (Photophobia).