Explanation: Ficus benghalensis : Family – Moraceae, Order – Rosales, Kingdom – Plantae. Gossypium herbaceum : Levant cotton, Family – Malvaceae, Order – Malvales. Santalum album : Indian Sandalwood, Family: Santalaceae, Order – Santalales. Ananas comosus : Pineapple, Family – Bromeliaceae, Order – Poales.

Explanation: Divisions of Algae and their Main Characteristics : Chlorophyceae (Green algae) : Major pigments – Chlorophyll, Stored Food – Starch, Example – Spirogyra. Phaeophyceae (Brown algae) : Pigment – fucoxanthin, Stored food – Mannitol, Laminarin, Example – Sargassum, Laminaria. Rhodophyceae (Red algae) : Pigment – Phycoerythrin, Stored Food – Floridean starch, Example – Gracilaria and Gelidium.

Explanation: Amylum – A polymeric carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. Olestra (Olean) – Fat substitute that doesn’t add any calories to products. Saponins – They are naturally occurring compounds that are widely distributed in all cells of legume plants. Xanthan (polysaccharide) produced from simple sugars using a fermentation process. Uses – common food additive, thickening agent, emulsifier, and stabiliser that prevents ingredients from separating.

Explanation: Ancylostoma is a genus of parasitic nematodes (roundworms) that primarily infect mammals. These worms are intestinal parasites and are transmitted to humans through contact with contaminated soil or sand where the larvae are present. Tapeworm : genus – Taenia, Examples – Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) and Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm). Filaria worms belong to the family Filarioidea.

Explanation: Potato – Solanum tuberosum, Onion – Allium cepa, and Garlic – Allium sativum.

Explanation: Lemon grass – Cymbopogon, Lawn Grass – Poaceae, Horsetails – Equisetum.

Explanation: Oleo-gum-resin (Asafoetida) can be obtained from the exudates of the roots of the Iranian endemic medicinal plant, Ferula asafoetida. It has cytotoxic, antiulcer, anti-neoplasm, anti-cancer, and anti-oxidative effects.

Explanation: Bubalus bubalis – Buffalo, Felis catus – Cat, Bos taurus – Cow.

Explanation: Botanical Names : Cocos nucifera (Coconut), Monoon longifolium (False Ashoka), Saraca asoca (Ashoka tree), Casuarina (Australian pine).

Explanation: Gut bacteria helps in supplying essential nutrients, synthesising vitamin K, aiding in the digestion of cellulose. Vitamins A, D, E and K are fat-soluble and vitamins C and B (complex group vitamins) are water- soluble.

Explanation: Micronutrients are vitamins and minerals needed by the body in very small amounts. Role of some micronutrients in our body : Fluoride inhibits the initiation and progression of dental caries (tooth decay) and stimulates new bone formation. Selenium (Se) plays a critical role in reproduction, thyroid hormone metabolism, DNA synthesis, and protection from oxidative damage and infection. Phosphorus is a component of bones, teeth, DNA, and RNA.

Explanation: Casimir Funk is considered as the ‘Father of vitamin therapy’. Vitamin B : B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), B9 (folic acid), B12 (cobalamin). Fat-soluble Vitamins : A, D, E, and K. Water-Soluble Vitamins – B and C.

Explanation: Vitamin D (Calciferol) : Source – Oily fish, egg yolks, red meat, etc. Deficiency Diseases – Rickets. Symptoms – weak and painful bones, Deformities in teeth, Pain in the bones.

Explanation: Sugar molecules found in foods and drinks. The body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose (main source of energy for the body). Source – Breads, beans, milk, popcorn, potatoes, cookies, spaghetti, soft drinks, corn, etc. Vitamins – Group of substances that are needed for normal cell function, growth, and development. Proteins are made up of amino acids.

Explanation: Other Minerals found in Milk : Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Selenium and Zinc. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is absent in Milk. Minerals and their sources : Iron – Spinach, dry nuts and seeds, Legumes (chickpeas and lentils). Zinc – Pumpkin seeds, Eggs, Whole Grains.

Explanation: Folic Acid (Vitamin – B9) : It helps to prevent and cure low levels of folates. Folates play an important role in forming red blood cells and maintaining brain health. Sources – Dark green leafy vegetables, beans, peanuts, fruits, whole grains.

Explanation: Glucose – The main type of sugar in the blood and is the major source of energy for the body’s cells. A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids {RNA (Ribonucleic acid) and DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)}. Fibre is a type of carbohydrate that the body can’t digest. Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups; Break down food, Grow and repair body tissue, Make hormones and brain chemicals.

Explanation: Glucose (C6H12O6). Glycogen : The carbohydrates are stored in the animal body as glycogen. Also known as animal starch because its structure is similar to amylopectin and is rather more highly branched. It is present in the liver, muscles and brain. When the body needs glucose, enzymes break the glycogen down to glucose. Found in yeast and fungi. Fructose – It is a natural monosaccharide found in fruits, honey and vegetables.

Explanation: Vitamin D : Sources – sunlight, oily fish, milk. Deficiency disease – Rickets (bone become soft). Vitamin and Sources – Vitamin A : Source – Milk, butter, cheese, Cod liver oil, Green leafy vegetables. Deficiency disease – Night blindness. Vitamin B : Source – Fish Eggs, Dairy Products, Green vegetables. Deficiency diseases – Beri beri. Vitamin C : Source – Citrus (oranges, kiwi, lemon, grapefruit), Tomatoes, Strawberries. Deficiency disease – Scurvy (gums swell and bleed).

Explanation: Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid to make proteins and other vital molecules such as neurotransmitters and hormones. Leucine amino acids can be used by skeletal muscle to give energy during exercise. Tryptophan is an amino acid needed for normal growth in infants and for the production and maintenance of the body’s proteins, muscles, enzymes, and neurotransmitters.

Explanation: Important Nutrients in Food and their functions : Carbohydrates – One of the main sources of energy for human beings. Three types of carbohydrates in food – Fiber, Sugar, and Starch. Iron – It is a constituent of our red blood cells whose function is to carry oxygen from our lungs to organs, muscles, and cells.

Explanation: Vitamins and their sources : Vitamin A – Milk, egg. Vitamin D – Cheese, butter, milk. Vitamin E – Vegetable oils, lettuce, turnip leaves. Vitamin K – spinach and soybeans. Vitamin B – Seafood, milk, meat, peas. Minerals and their sources : Iron – Meat, fish, liver, eggs, turnip, germinating wheat grains and yeast. Calcium – Milk. Phosphorus – Meat, egg, fish, whole grains.

Explanation: Cholesterol – A waxy substance found in the blood. The body needs cholesterol to build healthy cells. It comes from two sources : The liver and foods from animals (meat, poultry and dairy products). A high level of cholesterol can develop fatty deposits in the blood vessels.

Explanation: Vitamin B12 (cobalamin). Sources – Meat, Fish, eggs, and dairy products. It helps in forming RBC. Deficiency of this vitamin causes symptoms like tingling in the tongue, anemia, white patches on the skin, mouth ulcers and shortness of breath.

Explanation: Deficiency Diseases – Night blindness, Irregular growth of teeth.

Explanation: Vitamin C (Water soluble). Scientific name : Ascorbic acid (C6H8O6) or ascorbate. It acts as an antioxidant and helps wound healing. It also helps in the formation of collagen. It is used to purify water after it has been Iodine-treated.

Explanation: Vitamin D (Calciferol) – It helps prevent Osteoporosis (a disease that thins and weakens the bones and makes them brittle and more likely to break). Source – Oily fish, egg yolks, red meat, etc.

Explanation: Vitamin A – Milk, Eggs, Fish, Butter, Fortified Margarine, Cheese, Green & Yellow fruits and Vegetables, etc. Vitamin E – Meats, Poultry, Eggs, Vegetable oils, Nuts, Olives, Tomatoes, etc. Zinc – Liver, Eggs, Cereals and Seafood.

Explanation: Niacin is the generic name for nicotinic acid (pyridine – 3-carboxylic acid), nicotinamide (niacinamide or pyridin-3-carboxamide).

Explanation: Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption in the intestine and maintains adequate serum calcium and phosphate concentrations to enable normal bone mineralization and to prevent hypocalcemic tetany (involuntary contraction of muscles, leading to cramps and spasms).

Explanation: a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-i. Carbohydrate : It consists of sugar, starch, and fiber. Two types – Simple Carbohydrates (Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides) and Complex Carbohydrate. Fat – It is a macronutrient essential for energy storage, insulation, and the absorption of certain vitamins.

Explanation: i-b, ii-c, iii,-a, iv-d.

Explanation: Adolescence is the period of transition between childhood and adulthood and is a crucial developmental stage for our mental well-being.

Explanation: Macronutrients : Carbohydrates, Fats, calcium and Proteins. Micronutrients : Boron (B), Chlorine (CI), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Molybdenum (Mo), Zinc (Zn) and Nickel (Ni). Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body with 99% found in teeth and bone.

Explanation: Most common forms of carbohydrates are sugars, fibers and starches. Minerals which are essential for health : iron, calcium, magnesium, zinc, potassium etc.

Explanation: Iodine is needed to make a hormone called thyroxine. Biological Importance of Sodium : For the generation of nerve impulses, For maintenance of electrolyte balance and fluid balance, For heart activities and certain metabolic functions.

Explanation: Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is found in citrus fruit (oranges), peppers, strawberries, blackcurrants, broccoli, brussels sprouts, potatoes etc.

Explanation: Threonine used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Leucine is an essential amino acid for protein synthesis. Arginine is used for the treatment of heart and blood vessel conditions including congestive heart failure (CHF), chest pain, high blood pressure, etc. Phenylalanine is used for a disorder that causes white patches to develop on the skin (vitiligo).

Explanation: Functions of Macronutrients in Plants : Nitrogen (required in large amounts, taken in the form of ions, required for the division of cells), Phosphorus (a constituent of cell membranes), Magnesium (involved in the activation of enzymes in respiration and photosynthesis and helps in the synthesis of DNA and RNA), Sulfur (an important constituent of amino acids, coenzymes, and vitamins), Potassium (required for the opening and closing of stomata).

Explanation: Vitamin A, B and D. Milk is a good source of thiamine, riboflavin and cobalamin. It contains the fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K.

Explanation: i – a , ii – b , iii – c , iv – d.

Explanation: Three important building blocks of the body are amino acids, lipids, and nucleotides. Uses : development of muscles and organs, production of hormones and antibodies, storage of fat, and production of energy.

Explanation: Vitamin E (Tocopherol) is a nutrient that’s important to vision, reproduction, and the health of blood, brain and skin.

Explanation: Magnesium is required for the proper growth and maintenance of bones. Magnesium helps keep blood pressure normal, bones strong, and the heart rhythm steady.

Explanation: Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the body. They are sugars, starches and dietary fibers that are found in plant foods and dairy products.

Explanation: Aerobic respiration – The process by which organisms use oxygen to turn fuel, such as fats and sugars, into chemical energy. Cellular respiration – The process by which organisms combine oxygen with foodstuff molecules. Capillary respiration – Blood from the heart flows through these capillaries and collects oxygen from the alveoli.

Explanation: Mushroom, Yeast, and Bread mould are saprophytic. They break down food outside the body and absorb the simpler digested particles.

Explanation: Glucose is oxidised through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP by mitochondria .

Explanation: Anthocyanin (Pigment found in plants). They’re part of a larger category of plant-based chemicals called flavonoids. Foods with high anthocyanin : Fruits – Pomegranates, Black plums, Cherries, black and red grapes etc; Vegetables – Red cabbage, Red onions, Purple corn etc; Legumes and Rice – Black rice, Black beans etc. Coumarins – colourless crystalline solid, sweet odor, bitter taste. Quercetin – bitter flavor, used in dietary supplements, beverages and foods. Naringenin – Anti-obesity, anti-diabetic flavonoid.

Explanation: K (Potassium). Potassium-rich fruits and vegetables : Bananas, oranges, cantaloupe, apricots, grapefruit (some dried fruits, such as prunes, raisins, and dates, are also high in potassium). Malic acid : Found primarily in apples. It is a dicarboxylic acid that is also present in grapes, wine and rhubarb.