Explanation: Potash alum (Potassium Aluminium sulphate). The chemical formula of potash alum is K2SO4 .Al2(SO4)3 .24H2O. It is also commonly referred to as ‘fitkari.’ Extracted from a mineral called alunite. It is used for the purification of impure water, stops bleeding, and is mordant for the dyeing industry, leather tanning, fireproof textiles, and baking powder.

Explanation: Ozone (O3) is a triatomic allotrope of oxygen. Ozone is a powerful oxidant (far more so than dioxygen) and has many industrial and consumer applications related to oxidation.

Explanation: Lithium has 3 protons, 3 electrons and 4 neutrons.

Explanation: Lignite coal or brown coal, is the lowest grade coal with the least concentration of carbon. Lignite has a low heating value and is mainly used in electricity generation.

Explanation: Silicon dioxide (SiO2) has a high melting point. It has melting and boiling points as 1713º C and 2950º C, respectively. The density is about 2.648 g/cm3 .

Explanation: Kieserite is a magnesium sulphate mineral. It is used in the production of Epsom salt and as a fertiliser in agriculture.

Explanation: Solder is a metal alloy usually made of tin and lead. Alnico – aluminium (Al), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co). Constantan – A copper-nickel alloy used in electrical work for its high resistance.

Explanation: Gallium is a metallic material that is found as a trace element in coal, bauxite, and other minerals. Other metals such as arsenic, indium, and the rare-earth elements (REEs) cerium, europium, gadolinium, lanthanum, terbium, and yttrium are also used in LED semiconductor technology.

Explanation: Copper (Cu, Group – 11, Atomic number – 29). The green substance is basic copper carbonate (CuCO3).

Explanation: Physical properties of metals: high melting points, good conductors of electricity, good conductors of heat, high density, malleable, ductile, lustrous.

Explanation: Einsteinium (Es), synthetic chemical element of the actinoid series of the periodic table.

Explanation: Calcium (Ca, 20) and argon (Ar, 18).The mass number of both these elements is 40u.

Explanation: Astatine is the rarest element in the earth’s crust occurring only as the decay product of various heavier elements. All of astatine’s isotopes are short-lived.

Explanation: An alloy composed of gallium, indium, and tin which melts at −19 °C and is thus liquid at room temperature.

Explanation: Copper and its alloys (brasses, bronzes, cupronickel, copper-nickel-zinc, and others) are natural antibacterial materials.

Explanation: Constantan is a copper–nickel alloy also known as Eureka, Advance, and Ferry. It usually consists of 55% copper and 45% nickel. Its main feature is the low thermal variation of its resistivity, which is constant over a wide range of temperatures.

Explanation: Concentration of OH ions = 0.1 M. 0.01 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠/ 100 𝑚𝐿 = 0.01 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 / 0.1 𝐿 = Hence, [OH− ] = 0.1 M. Now, pOH = −𝑙𝑜𝑔 [OH— ] pOH = − (10–1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ). pOH = 1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 10 = 1. We know that, pH + pOH = 14 pH = 14 − pOH = 14 – 1 = 13.

Explanation: Acids and their source : Tartaric (Grapes, Tamarind), Oxalic acid (Tomato), Citric acid (Lemon), Lactic acid (Milk), Tartaric acid (Tamarind), Malic acid (Apple), Acetic acid (Vinegar), Carbonic Acid (Carbonated drinks), Formic acid (Ant sting).

Explanation: Potassium chloride (KCl). Potassium iodide (KI) : A salt that can be used to protect the thyroid gland from radioactive. Potassium citrate (K3C6H5O7). Potassium nitrate (KNO3).

Explanation: When a strong acid reacts with a strong base, it results in a salt which is neutral. Example : HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O.

Explanation: Hydrochloric acid (HCl)- It is present in the gastric juice, and breaks down the food and the digestive enzymes.

Explanation: Oxalic acid (C2H2O4). It is also present in Spinach. Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) – Vinegar. Malic acid (C4H6O5) is found in apples and apricots. Formic acid or Methanoic acid (HCOOH) is found in bees, nettle stings, ant stings and insects. Carbonic acid is found in all carbonated beverages.

Explanation: Covalent bond – Formed by the equal sharing of electrons. Examples: Methane (CH4), Hydrochloric acid (HCl).

Explanation: It is an inorganic compound. It is naturally found as the mineral brucite. It can be used as an antacid.

Explanation: Litmus solution – It is extracted from lichen. Litmus paper (pH paper) – Made by treating the paper with natural dyes from lichens. The base turns Red litmus to blue, while acid turns blue litmus to red. Some natural Indicators – Red cabbage leaves, turmeric, coloured petals of some flowers (Hydrangea, Petunia and Geranium).

Explanation: Acetic acid (CH3COOH). Vinegar is a liquid that is made by fermenting alcohol. The fermentation process produces acetic acid, which gives vinegar its sour taste and acidic properties. It has a pH of around 2.4. Some other acids and their sources:- Citric acid – Lemons and Oranges. Linoleic acid – Vegetable oils. Tartaric acid – Tamarind. Lactic acid – Milk. Ascorbic acid – Tomatoes.

Explanation: Acids – That gives off hydrogen ions in water and forms salts by combining with certain metals. Strongest acid – Fluoroantimonic acid. Common strong acids: Hydrochloric Acid (HCl), Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4), Nitric Acid (HNO3). Base (pH value > 7) – That can accept hydrogen ions in water and can neutralise an acid. Common strong bases: sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), calcium hydroxide {Ca(OH)2}.

Explanation: Calcium hydroxide {Ca(OH)2} is an odourless white powder. Uses: Industrial settings, such as sewage treatment, paper production, construction, and food processing.

Explanation: The pH (Potential of Hydrogen) range goes from 0 – 14, with 7 being neutral. pH of less than 7 indicates acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a base. Tooth decay begins when the pH of the mouth falls below 5.5.

Explanation: pH (potential of hydrogen) is a scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. Acidic Solution – 0 to 7 pH. Neutral Solution – 7 pH. Basic Solution – 7 to 14. pH Value: Blood (7.35 to 7.45), Sodium hydroxide (12.3), Milk of magnesia (10.5), Lemon Juice (2.32), Vinegar (2.5), Washing Soda (11). pH Indicator – Phenolphthalein (range pH 8.2 to 10.0; colourless to pink), Bromthymol blue (range pH 6.0 to 7.6; yellow to blue), and litmus (range pH 4.5 to 8.3; red to blue).

Explanation: Milk of magnesia – Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 is used to treat symptoms caused by too much stomach acid such as heartburn, upset stomach, or indigestion. Blood is slightly basic, with a normal pH range of about 7.35 to 7.45.

Explanation: Acid – Base indicators (also known as pH indicators) are substances which change colour with pH. They are usually weak acids or bases, which when dissolved in water dissociate slightly and form ions. Examples: Litmus, China Rose Petal, Red Cabbage, Turmeric etc.

Explanation: Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) (muriatic acid). ।t is a highly corrosive, strong acid, and can be a clear/colourless or light yellow liquid.

Explanation: Acids present in tomatoes are Oxalic acid, Ascorbic acid , malic acid and citric acid. Some natural acids and their sources: Acetic acid (Vinegar): Malic acid (Apple); Tartaric acid (Tamarind, grapes ); Lactic acid (Milk); Citric acid (Lemon).

Explanation: Oxalic acid (C2H2O4) is an organic compound in many plants, including leafy greens (like Spinach), vegetables, fruits, cocoa, nuts, and seeds.

Explanation: Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH), is found in window cleaners. Magnesium Hydroxide {Mg(OH)₂}, is used to treat constipation and acid indigestion.

Explanation: Tamarinds mainly contain Tartaric acid (C4H6O6). Other sources of this acid are grapes, apricots, oranges, bananas, avocados,etc.

Explanation: Aqua Regia ( “royal water”) is an acidic, corrosive, and oxidative mixture of three parts concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) and one part concentrated nitric acid (HNO3). It is a fuming liquid. Freshly prepared aqua regia is colourless, but it turns yellow, orange or red within seconds due to the formation of nitrosyl chloride and nitrogen dioxide.

Explanation: Tooth decay is the destruction of tooth enamel, the hard, outer layer of your teeth. It starts when the pH of the mouth is lower than 5.5. Tooth enamel, made up of calcium phosphate is the hardest substance in the body.

Explanation: It is a component of the gastric acid in the digestive systems of most animal species, including humans. Perchloric acid (HClO4) is also called Hyperchloric acid (HClO4).

Explanation: Acids in water dissociate H + ions. When an acidic solution is diluted with water, the concentration of H + ions decreases and the pH of the solution increases towards 7. When an alkali is diluted with water, the concentration of OH– ions decreases, and the pH of the alkali fall towards 7.

Explanation: “pH” is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. It was first described by Danish biochemist Soren Peter Lauritz Sorensen in 1909. The p stands for the power or concentration, and the H for the hydrogen ion (H+ ).

Explanation: Hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice breaks down the food and the digestive enzymes split up the proteins. Gastric juice is a unique combination of hydrochloric acid (HCl), lipase, and pepsin produced by Parietal cells in the stomach.

Explanation: Kolbe’s work was historic because he produced organic compounds from inorganic ones artificially. Acetic acid is produced synthetically as well as from bacterial fermentation. In nature it is found in ants and some fruits.

Explanation: Alkali is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal that can dissolve in water. Examplespotassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, etc. The pH value of a soluble base is greater than 7.0. Alkenes possess at least one carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) and have a general formula of CnH2n. Aldehyde (R−CH=O); Alcohol (R−OH).

Explanation: Hydrogen is used in the synthesis of ammonia and the manufacture of nitrogenous fertilisers. The main function of phosphorus is in the formation of bones and teeth. Nitrogen is important to the chemical industry. It is used to make fertilisers, nitric acid, nylon, dyes and explosives.

Explanation: Salinity is the amount of dissolved salts or ions in seawater. The average salinity of the oceans is 35 parts per thousand.

Explanation: Thyme leaves is a herb and also has medicinal use. Geranium flowers, Petunia flowers, and Red cabbage act as a pH indicator due to the presence of the water-soluble vacuolar pigment named Anthocyanin.

Explanation: Moist baking soda should be applied to the skin to neutralize it. Because the base is present in baking soda and when an acid reacts with the base it neutralizes and we get relief.

Explanation: Folic acid, also called pteroylglutamic acid, folate, or folacin, is a water-soluble vitamin of the B complex that is essential in animals and plants for the synthesis of nucleic acids. Folic acid was isolated from liver cells in 1943.