Explanation: Soap water being alkaline in nature changes the colour of litmus paper to blue while acidic solutions changes the colour of litmus paper to red.

Explanation: It is a technique used for the extraction and purification of metals by the process of electrolysis. Metals like copper, nickel, gold, lead, silver, and zinc can be purified using electrolytic refining. Other methods: Zone Refining, Vapour Phase Refining, Chromatographic Methods (Column, Gas, Paper).

Explanation: Cinnabar (HgS) – An ore of Mercury (Hg). Diaspore {AlO(OH)} occurs as platy masses in highly aluminous metamorphic rocks associated with corundum. Siderite, also called chalybite, is iron carbonate (FeCO3), a widespread mineral that is an ore of iron. Corundum, naturally occurring Aluminium oxide mineral (Al2O3) that is, after diamond, the hardest known natural substance.

Explanation: Roasting is a process of heating a sulphide ore to a high temperature in the presence of air. Calcination – A process of heating some solid material or a substance in a controlled environment. Spinning – The process of converting staple or short lengths of fibre, such as cotton or rayon, into continuous yarn or thread.

Explanation: Anthracite (86-92%). Coal, Dry Carbon content (%) – Anthracite (86 -92), Bituminous coal (76-86), Sub -Bituminous coal (70-76), Lignite (65-70), Peat (<60).

Explanation: It is the purest form of carbon with 98 % carbon. It is a fuel with few impurities and a high carbon content, usually made from coal.

Explanation: Magnesium is found in minerals such as magnesite, dolomite, brucite, serpentinite, etc. and is mostly recovered from seawater, brines and bitterns. Dolomite formula – MgCO3 · CaCO3 .

Explanation: Aluminium oxide coat makes it resistant to further corrosion. It is also useful in architectural finishing.

Explanation: Rayon – It is a synthetic fibre made from wood and related agricultural products.

Explanation: Michael Faraday. Law of Electrolysis states that the amount of chemical change produced by current at an electrode-electrolyte boundary is proportional to the quantity of electricity used, and the amounts of chemical changes produced by the same quantity of electricity in different substances are proportional to their equivalent weights.

Explanation: Mercury is either found as a native metal (rare) or in cinnabar, metacinnabar, corderoite, living stoneite and other minerals. Greenockite is a rare cadmium bearing metal sulphide mineral consisting of cadmium sulphide in crystalline form. Major ores of aluminium are Bauxite, Corundum, Feldspar, Cryolite, Alunite and Kaolin. Smelite is an ore of Cobalt.

Explanation: Eicosane (C20H42) – It is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. It is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule.

Explanation: Tertiary butyl hydroquinone {TBHQ (C10H14O2)} – Food preservative: In foods, TBHQ is used as a preservative for unsaturated vegetable oils and many edible animal fats. It does not cause discoloration even in the presence of iron, and does not change flavour or odour of the material to which it is added.

Explanation: Bromoform is a colorless liquid with a sweet odor. Uses- including fire extinguishers, fumigants, and solvents.

Explanation: It is a colourless liquid with a sharp, sweet odour. It is a common solvent and is used in a variety of industrial and commercial applications. Chemical Names of Common Compounds – Blue vitriol (Copper sulphate), Battery acid / oil of vitriol (Sulfuric acid), Baking soda (Sodium bicarbonate), Bleaching powder (Calcium hypochlorite), Borax (Sodium tetraborate), Dry ice (Carbon dioxide), Gypsum (Calcium sulphate dihydrate).

Explanation: Ammonia (NH3) is an inorganic compound of nitrogen and Hydrogen.

Explanation: Butyric acid (C4H8O2). Propionic Acid (C3H6O2) – A colourless liquid with a sharp rancid odour. It is a short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group. Succinic Acid (C4H6O4) – An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. Lactic Acid (C3H6O3) – A colourless to yellow odourless syrupy liquid, Used to make cultured dairy products, as a food preservative.

Explanation: 1-Methyl-3-Propylcyclohexan e : Its molecular formula is C10H20 .

Explanation: Aldehyde is a sweet-smelling organic molecule found in the human body, plants, and perfumes. Functional Groups: Alcohol (R-OH), Carboxylic Acid (R-COOH), Ether (R-O-R’), Cyanate (R-OCN), Isocyanate (R-NCO), Carboxylate, (R-COO– ), Acyl Halide (R-CO-X), Ketone (R-CO-R’).

Explanation: Aniline (C6H5NH2). Pyridine (C5H5N) is a colourless liquid with an unpleasant smell. It is used to make medicines, vitamins, food flavourings, and paints. Toluidine (C7H9N) is used in dyes, and in organic chemical manufacturing. Quinoline (C9H7N) is used to make other chemicals. Contact may irritate skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.

Explanation: Anthracene (C14H10). It is a colourless crystalline aromatic hydrocarbon, and a three-fused benzene ring solid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). It is a component of coal tar. Anthracene is used in the production of the red dye alizarin and other dyes.

Explanation: Ethyne (Formula – C2H2 , IUPAC Name – Acetylene): It is a hydrocarbon that is commonly used in various industrial applications. It is a colourless gas with a distinct odour and is highly flammable. Ethanoic anhydride (C4H6O3). Azoethane (C4H10N2). Ethyl acetate (C4H8O2).

Explanation: Allotropes of Carbon include Diamond, Graphite and Fullerene. Diamond (extremely hard, high refractive index) – Finest form of carbon in its crystalline state. It can be synthesized by subjecting pure carbon to a very high pressure and temperature. Graphite – Pure form of carbon, smooth and slippery, good conductor of electricity unlike other non-metals. Fullerene – First one to be identified was C-60 which has carbon atoms arranged in the shape of a football.

Explanation: Potassium bitartrate (KC4H5O6) : Common Name – Cream of tartar. Uses – Additive, Stabilizer, pH control agent.

Explanation: Lactose (Milk sugar). It is a disaccharide which is made by the condensation of glucose and galactose. Examples : Butter, Cheese, Cream, Dried milk, Milk solids, Powdered milk, and Whey.

Explanation: Dodecane (dihexyl, bihexyl, adakane 12, or duodecane) : It is an oily liquid n-alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C12H26 . It has been isolated from the essential oils of various plants including Zingiber officinale (ginger).

Explanation: Aniline (C6H5NH2 ). A class of organic molecules known as Phenylamine Aminobenzene Benzamine.

Explanation: Phthalaldehyde {C6H4(CHO)2} : Uses – for the detection of biogenic amines, peptides, proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.

Explanation: Ethene (C2H4). CH3CH2OH (aq) + H2SO4 (conc.) → C2H4 + H2O. In this reaction Concentrated sulphuric acid acts as a dehydrating agent.

Explanation: Alkene (CnH2n). Example – Ethene (C2H4), Propene (C3H6), Butene (C4H8). Alkyne (CnH2n-2) – Hydrocarbon consists of carbon bound to a carbon with a triple bond, and each carbon is then attached to zero or one hydrogen atom. Example – Ethyne (C2H2), Propyne (C3H4). Alkanes (CnH2n+2) – Contains strong carbon-carbon single bonds and strong carbon-hydrogen bonds. Example – Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6) .

Explanation: An organic radical and a terminal acetylenic compound. Uses: Fuel, Industrial applications, Medical applications.

Explanation: Chloroform (CHCl3) – It is used as an ideal anaesthetic. It is a colourless, sweet-smelling dense liquid. Other names – Formyl Trichloride, TriChloroform.

Explanation: CO2 + H2O + heat and light.

Explanation: Benzophenone is used as an ultraviolet curing agent, flavour ingredient, fragrance enhancer and perfume fixative, and as an additive for plastics, coatings and adhesive formulations.

Explanation: Fluorine – It is an univalent poisonous gaseous halogen; Pale yellow-green; Most chemically reactive and electronegative of all the elements.

Explanation: m-Xylene: An isomer of dimethylbenzene. The three isomers of dimethylbenzene are commonly named ortho-xylene, meta-xylene, and para -xylene.

Explanation: They have the formula R-O-R’, with R’s being the alkyl groups. These compounds are used in dye, perfumes, oils, waxes and industrial use.

Explanation: Ethylene (C2H4): A colourless flammable gas with a faint ‘sweet and musky’ odour when pure, Simplest form of organic compounds and used in fruit ripening.

Explanation: Sublimable substances: Sublimation is the process by which a solid directly transforms into a gas without passing through the liquid state.

Explanation: Galacturonic acid (C6H10O7) – An acidifying agent in foods and the monomer of pectin molecules.

Explanation: In the unsaturated hydrocarbons, the percentage composition of carbon is high and atmospheric oxygen is not enough to burn all the carbon present. Hence, unburnt carbon particles are present in the flame giving it a sooty feel. Saturated hydrocarbons burn with blue flame. It contains less carbon content, so there is a complete combustion of these compounds.

Explanation: Secondary alcohol : Where the carbon atom of the hydroxyl group is attached to two alkyl groups on either side. Examples – Propan-2-ol, Butan-2-ol, Pentan-2-ol. Primary alcohols: The carbon atom of the hydroxyl group (-OH) is bonded to just one alkyl group. Examples – Methanol (CH3OH), Propanol (C3H7OH), Ethanol (C2H5OH).

Explanation: Hydrogen bonding is a special type of dipole-dipole attraction between molecules.

Explanation: Glycerol (C3H8O3) – A colourless, odourless, sweet-tasting, viscous liquid that is non-toxic. IUPAC name – Propane -1, 2, 3-triol.

Explanation: Functional Group, Formula, Suffix and Example : (Alcohol, R-OH, -ol, Methanol), (Ketone, R-(CO)-R’, -one, Butanone), (Aldehyde, R-CHO, -al, Ethanal), (Acyl Halide, R-(CO)-X, -oyl halide, Ethanoyl Chloride), Carboxylate, R-COO– , -oate, Sodium Ethanoate), (Carboxylic Acid, R-COOH, -oic acid, Ethanoic Acid), (Ester, R-(CO)-O-R’, Alkyl alkanoate, Ethyl Butanoate), (Ether, R-O-R’, Alkyl ether, Diethyl Ether).

Explanation: Markovnikov’s rule (Vladimir Markovnikov). Bredt’s rule states that a double bond cannot be placed at the bridgehead of a bridged ring system unless the rings are large enough. Baldwin’s rule (Jack Baldwin) states a series of guidelines outlining the relative favorabilities of ring closure reactions in alicyclic compounds. The Cornforth’s rule is a rearrangement reaction of a 4-acyloxazole in which the group attached to an acyl on position 4 and the substituent on position 5 of an oxazole ring exchange places.

Explanation: -OH functional group is the alcohol group {-ol (suffix) and hydroxy (prefix)}. Example – CH3OH (Methanol, Methyl alcohol).

Explanation: Cumene (isopropylbenzene) is a constituent of crude oil and refined fuels. Uses: manufactures other chemicals (phenol, acetone, etc.), thinner in paints, a component of high-octane motor fuels, in manufacturing of rubber, iron, steel, and pulp and paper.

Explanation: Lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4) is a strong, unselective reducing agent for polar double bonds. Strong reducing agent : Sodium Borohydride (NaBH4), Titanium hydride (TiH2), Calcium hydride (CaH2), Bismuth hydride (BiH3).

Explanation: Carboxylic acid (R−COOH) – an organic compound containing a carboxyl functional group. Example – acetic acid (CH3COOH). Uses – manufacture of soaps, production of soft drinks and many other food products, in pharmaceuticals, and manufacture of nylon-6,6.