Explanation: Article 164. Other Appointments by Governor: State Election Commissioner (Article 243 K), Vice-Chancellors of the universities in the state (University Grants Commission (UGC) Regulations, 2018), Advocate General for the State (Article 165) etc. Article 163 – Council of Ministers to aid and advise the Governor of the State.

Explanation: Article 33. Fundamental rights are included in Part III (Article 12-35) of the Constitution. It is borrowed from the Constitution of the United States of America. It is described as the Magna Carta of India. Article 35 – Power to make laws to give effect to certain specified fundamental rights shall vest only in the Parliament and not in the state legislatures.

Explanation: Article 16 – It comes under Right to Equality (Article 14 to 18) in the Part III (fundamental rights) of the Constitution. Article 18 – Abolition of titles.

Explanation: Governor. Article 361 – The President, or the Governor or Rajpramukh of a State, shall not be answerable to any court for the exercise and performance of the powers and duties of his office or for any act done or purporting to be done by him in the exercise and performance.

Explanation: Schedule-X: Popularly known as the Anti-Defection Act, was included in the Constitution via the 52nd Amendment Act, 1985. Schedule-IX (laws that are immune from judicial review) – It was added by the First Amendment Act, 1951.

Explanation: Article 75: Other provision – Council of Ministers (COM) shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister; Total number of COM, including Prime minister shall not exceed fifteen percent of the total number of members of the House of the People; COM shall be collectively responsible to the House of the People; President shall administer to him the oaths of office and of secrecy of COM; A Person who is not a member of either House of Parliament, can become Ministers for any period of six consecutive months; The salaries and allowances of Ministers shall be such as Parliament may from time to time by law determine.

Explanation: directive principles of state policy. Article 38 – State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people. Article 41 – Right to work, education and public assistance in certain cases.

Explanation: Article 144. Article 143: Power of President to consult the Supreme Court. Article 142: Enforcement of decrees and orders of the Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc. Article 141: The law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all courts within the territory of India.

Explanation: Article 177. Article 175 – Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses. Article 176 – Special address by the Governor. Article 178 – The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly.

Explanation: Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV, Article 36-51). Article 50 – Separation of judiciary from Executive.

Explanation: Part V (Chapter V) of the Indian Constitution (Articles 148-151) deals with the Comptroller and Auditor-General (CAG). Article 148 – Comptroller and Auditor-General of India. Article 150 – Form of Accounts of the Union and the states. Article 151 – Audit Reports.

Explanation: Article 143 – Power of the President to consult the Supreme Court. Article 131 – Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. Article 132 – Appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases. Article 133 – Appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to Civil matters. Article 134 – Appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters.

Explanation: Cultural and educational rights. Article (12 – 35) contained in Part III of the Constitution deals with Fundamental Rights. Right to Equality – Article (14 – 18). Right to Freedom – Article (19 – 22). Right against Exploitation – Article (23 – 24). Right to Freedom of Religion – Article (25 – 28). Right to Constitutional Remedies – Article (32 – 35).

Explanation: Article 51A – It shall be the duty of every citizen of India, to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem. Article 41 – Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases. Article 49 – Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance. Article 21A – Right to education. Article 43B – Promotion of co-operative societies.

Explanation: 12 Schedules in Indian Constitution: First – List of States and UT; Second – Emoluments, allowances, and privileges; Third – Oath and affirmation ; Fourth – Seat allocation of the Rajya Sabha; Fifth – Administration of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes; Sixth – Administration of Tribal Areas in the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram; Seventh – Union list, State list and the concurrent list; Eight – List of recognized languages; Ninth – Land reforms and regulations; Tenth – Anti defection law; Eleventh – Panchayati Raj and Twelfth – Municipalities.

Explanation: Article 40. Directive Principles of State Policy: Part IV (Articles 36 to51). Article 38 – State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people. Article 45 – Provision for early childhood care and education to children below the age of six years. Article 36 – It defines a ‘State’ for Directive Principles to be followed.

Explanation: Clause (d). Article 19 – It guarantees the right to freedom of speech and expression. Article 19 (1) of the constitution gave the following right to citizens : (a) Freedom of speech and expression, (b) to assemble peacefully and without arms, (c) to form associations or unions, (e) to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India, (f) omitted, (g) to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.

Explanation: Article 153. Article 156 (1) – The Governor shall hold office during the pleasure of the President. Article 157 – No person shall be eligible for appointment as Governor unless he is a citizen of India and has completed the age of thirty-five years. Article 173 – Qualification for membership of the State Legislature.

Explanation: Articles 1-4. Article 1- Name and territory of the Union; Article 2 – Admission or establishment of new States; Article 3 – Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States; Article 4 : Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters. Articles 5-11 (Citizenship), Articles 12-35(Fundamental Rights), Article 36-51 (directive principles of state policy).

Explanation: Articles 49. Part IV: Directive Principle of State Policy (Article 36-51). Article 45 – Provision for free and compulsory education for children below the age of six years. Article 48A – Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife.

Explanation: Part IV {Directive Principles of State Policy (Articles 36-51)}. It is imported from the Ireland Constitution. Article 46 – Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections.

Explanation: Article 45. Article 38 – State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people. Article 40 – Organisation of village panchayats.

Explanation: Article 23. Article 19 – Freedom of Speech and Expression. Article 25 – It guarantees the freedom of conscience, the freedom to profess, practice, and propagate religion to all citizens.

Explanation: Article based on Gandhian principles : 40 – Organise village panchayats. 43 – Living wage, etc., for workers. 43B – To promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control of cooperative societies. 46 – promote educational and economic interests of the weaker sections. 47 – To improve public health. 48 – To prohibit the slaughter of cows, calves and other milch. Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) – Part IV , Article (36 to 51). Taken From – Ireland. Other Groups – Socialist Principle – Article (38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 43A, 47). Liberal-Intellecutal Principle – Article (44, 45, 48, 48A, 49, 50, 51).

Explanation: Article 20 (2). Article 20 of the Constitution provides for the protection of conviction for offences. Article 21 – Protection of life and personal liberty. Article 19 (1) – The right to freedom of speech and expression. Article 22 – Protection Against Arrest and Detention in Certain Cases.

Explanation: Article 42. Directive Principles of State Policy (Part-IV, Articles 36 – 51) are borrowed from Ireland. They are non-justiciable rights (which means that they cannot be enforced by a Court of Law). Article 43 – The State shall endeavour to secure all workers a living wage and a decent standard of life.

Explanation: 51A Fundamental Duties (PART IVA): 51A (a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem. 51A (h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform. 51A (i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence. 51A (j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement.

Explanation: Part IV {Directive Principle of State Policy (Articles 36 – 51)}. Article 41 – Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases.

Explanation: Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojna (PMFBY) – Launched on 18th February 2016 by the Prime Minister. Objectives: To provide insurance coverage and financial support to the farmers in the event of failure of any of the notified crops as a result of natural calamities, pests and diseases.

Explanation: Article 13 – Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights.

Explanation: Article 19(1)(d) – To move freely throughout the territory of India. Article 19(1)(b) – To assemble peaceably and without arms. Article 19(1)(a) – Freedom of speech and expression. Article 19(1)(e) – To reside and settle in any part of the territory of India.

Explanation: Article 51A (e) – To promote harmony and brotherhood among the people of a different religion. Article 51A (d) – Defend the country and provide national service when called upon to do so. Article 51A (c) – Maintain and protect India’s sovereignty, unity, and integrity.

Explanation: Article 12.

Explanation: Article 42: Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP), Articles 36-51, Part-IV. Article 39A: To provide free legal aid to the poor. Article 45 – Provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six years.

Explanation: 352 to 360. National Emergency (Article 352): There is a threat of war – from external aggression or armed rebellion. President’s Rule (Article 356): If the President is satisfied that a situation has arisen that the Government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. Financial Emergency (Article 360): President is satisfied that the financial stability of India is threatened.

Explanation: Cooperative Federalism – A concept of a stable relationship between the centre and state governments to coordinate on issues of common interests. Example – India is a federal country with power divided between the Centre and the States. The word ‘Federal’ is not mentioned in the Indian Constitution. Granville Austin called Indian federalism ‘Cooperative federalism’. India borrowed the concept of a federal system with a strong centre from Canada.

Explanation: Article 51A (a). The Swaran Singh Committee emphasised the importance of incorporating fundamental duties into the Indian Constitution, urging citizens to recognize their rights and responsibilities. “Jana Gana Mana” (National Anthem of India), was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 24 January 1950 and is the first stanza of Rabindranath Tagore’s Bengali hymn ‘Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata’.

Explanation: Article 43 (Living wage, etc., for workers). Directive Principles of State Policy ( Part IV, Article 36 – 51). Borrowed from – Irish Constitution.

Explanation: 243 ZH to 243 ZT. Co-operative Societies – A form of business organisation that is formed with the objective of helping the society members. Under 97th Amendment Act 2011, the right to form cooperative societies was included as Right to Freedom {Article 19(1)(c)}. Promotion of Cooperation societies was inserted as one of the DPSPs (Article 43-B).

Explanation: Article 21. Part III – Fundamental Rights (Article 12-35) : Right to Equality (Article 14 -18). Right to Freedom (Article 19 – 22). Right against Exploitation (Article 23-24). Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25-28). Cultural and Educational Rights (Article 29-30). Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32 – 35). Article17 – Abolition of Untouchability.

Explanation: Article 32 (Right to Constitutional Remedies) – The ‘Heart and Soul of the Constitution’ by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. Article 30 – Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions. Article 31 – Compulsory acquisition of property. This Article was deleted from Part-III of the Constitution by the Constitution (44th Amendment) Act, 1978, and a modified version was inserted as Article 300A.

Explanation: Article 47 – Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health comes under Directive Principles of State Policy (Articles 36-51 under Part-IV).

Explanation: Article 24. Article 22 – Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases. Article 19 – Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.

Explanation: Article 5 to 11 (Part II). Article 5 – Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution. Article 6 – Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan. Article 7 – Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan. Article 8 – Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India. Article 9 – Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens. Article 10 – Continuance of the rights of citizenship. Article 11 – Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.

Explanation: Article 21 (Protection of life and personal liberty). Important Cases related to Article 21: A.K Gopalan vs the State of Madras 1950 : The Supreme court has taken a narrow interpretation of Article 21 in this case. Maneka Gandhi vs. Union of India, 1978: In this case, the SC overruled its judgement of the Gopalan Case by taking a wider interpretation of Article 21.

Explanation: Part V:- The Union, Articles (52 – 151): Articles (52 – 62) – President. Articles (63 – 73) – Vice-president. Article 78 – Duties of the Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc. Articles (74 – 75) – Council of Ministers. Article 76 – Attorney -General for India. Article (112 – 117) – Procedure in Financial Matters Part III – Fundamental Rights (Article 12 to 35), Part IV – Directive Principle of State Policy (Article – 36 to 51), Part VI – The States (Article 152 to 237).

Explanation: Justiciable. Part III Article (12-35): Fundamental Rights. Part – IV A (Article 51A): Fundamental duties – Added by the 42nd Amendment Act (1976).

Explanation: Article 79 :- Constitution of Parliament – There shall be a Parliament of the Union consisting of the President and two Houses known as the Council of States (Rajya Sabha, Article 80) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha, Article 81). Article 49 – Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance. Article 59 – Conditions of the President’s office. Article 89 – The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States.

Explanation: Legislative Council (Saasana Mandali) – It is the upper house in those states of India that have a bicameral state legislature. Six States have a Legislative Council: Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka. The State Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) – A legislative body in the states and union territories of India. Council of States (Rajya Sabha). House of People (Lok Sabha).

Explanation: reports of Public Services Commissions. Articles 315 to 323 in Part XIV of the Constitution of India provides for the establishment of Union Public Service Commission ((UPSC) and State Public Service Commission(SPSC).The UPSC Chairman is appointed for a period of six years or till the age of 65 years, He is appointed by the President of India and can also be removed by him. In case the Chairman wants to resign, he can tender the resignation to the President.